An alternative road was not built — resulting in an increase in the number of people using mass transit which, in turn, made mass transit financially viable. Building more highways for cars, then introducing trains and buses in the hope that they will be financially viable, simply does not work the greater Johannesburg region is learning that lesson now.
China, meanwhile, has urbanised hundreds of millions of people over the past three decades. The result is relatively low densities in neighbourhoods with virtually no street or community life — in short, not the kind of urban area one would call liveable.
Compare this with the neighbourhoods you find in Barcelona, where buildings are five to eight storeys high, located on narrow streets with pavements, trees and small piazzas for social engagement, and all well connected to both motorised and non-motorised forms of transport. This is what makes for liveable urban neighbourhoods. China has realised its mistake, adopting an urbanisation strategy that breaks away from sprawled-out superblocks in favour of a high-density neighbourhood approach , with narrower streets, a high number of intersections, and improved public transport.
Eradicating it in favour of liveable, accessible, multi-centred, high-density cities should become a shared global commitment. Mark Swilling is distinguished professor of sustainable development at Stellenbosch University, South Africa. The curse of urban sprawl: how cities grow, and why this has to change. The rise and fall of great world cities: 5, years of urbanisation — mapped. Read more. Reuse this content. In the post-war era, the expansion of transport systems continued, but this time the suburbs were more accessible to the people who wanted to live there.
The automobile industry also developed rapidly, which allowed the construction of larger homes and the accessibility of goods and services. Since the s, the number of people living in the suburbs has increased dramatically, and urban sprawl has become a major issue in many countries around the world.
Urban sprawl is a common type of development that has many negative effects on the environment, social life, and economy of cities.
The development of urban sprawl increases the need for transport and reduces the land available for agriculture. This leads to more pollution from transport and, according to the data, more food being imported from other countries.
This increases the risk of transporting dangerous substances and the risk of importing food that is not produced to the high standards required in the United States and other developed countries. Urban sprawl has a negative impact on the social life of residents. A lack of public places such as parks and playgrounds limits the opportunities for residents to meet each other and interact. This can lead to social segregation , and the people living in these areas can become disengage from the rest of the community.
Urban sprawl also has a negative effect on the economy of cities. Many people prefer to live in suburbs, but they have to travel to the city center for work. This leads to increased traffic congestion and higher levels of pollution. There is also a high demand for parking spaces in the city centers, which places a strain on the land available for other uses. Urban sprawl makes it difficult for people from different areas to participate in the democracy of our country.
Communities becomes segregated, and develop local norms and beliefs that fail to be properly integrated into broader society, and fail to be properly recognized by our elected officials. There are many solutions to help reduce its negative effects on our society. Reducing the need for transport is one of the most effective solutions to reduce the negative effects of urban sprawl.
Cities should build public transportation systems that help people get to the city center efficiently. Pull factors attract people from different places, such as better opportunities for education and employment, better health facilities, and various sources of entertainment. In India, rapid population growth and migration, greater than before urban population and urbanization, is not predictable.
Barnes et al. Increasing towns and cities are developed with a change in land use along the national highways, and in the nearby surrounding area of the city, this development occurs outside urban areas such as suburban and urban fringes. Urbanization is a structure of metropolitan city growth that is the reason for social, economic, and political forces and to the physical geography of an area.
Some of the reasons for the sprawl contain population growth, urban economy, settlement patterns of infrastructure activities such as the construction of bridges, metal and concrete roads and the provision WiFi using public encouraging development.
The direct suggestion of such urban sprawl is the land utilization of the region. Sprawl normally infers some type of expansion with impacts such as loss of farmland, open waste space, and environmentally sensitive habitats. Additionally, sprawl is occasionally equal to the growth of towns or cities.
In simple words, as a population in an urban area or a city, the border of the city expands to provide accommodation for growth [ 11 , 12 ].
This extension is measured as sprawl. Generally, sprawl occurs on the sub-urban area, at the edge of an urban fringe or along the highways [ 13 ].
The places of sprawl and the region that is impacted by it are distinct from each other [ 14 ]. Urban sprawl takes place at the edge of a town or city, and it might have a direct or indirect force on other parts of the urban area within its administrative boundary or on a nearby city. In general, two adjacent views are taken about the outcome or reflection of sprawl. Urban sprawl may have both positive and negative consequences and impacts; however, negative impacts are often more highlighted, as this is uncontrolled or uncoordinated growth, and eventually, the negative impacts obliterate the positive sides.
There are some positive impacts of urban sprawl, such as an increase in economic production, an increase in opportunities for employment, better opportunities and better services creating better living conditions, and better lifestyles. Urban sprawl can extend basic services, infrastructure and social capital, such as transportation, sewer, and water, better educational facilities, and health care facilities, to a larger population.
However, since it is an uncontrolled and uncoordinated growth resulting in sprawl, the positive impacts are covered up inviting focus only on the negatives [ 15 ]. During the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, in developed countries, urbanization was created, and it also led to industrialization. The surplus population from the villages was motivated to make a mass movement towards cities because of new job opportunities created there. For the cities too, these migrants provided cheap labor for the newly established factories.
Due to the present globalized scenario and opening up of economies, the circumstances are similar in developing countries. The huge concentration of investments in cities attracts a large number of migrants from villages who are looking for employment.
This creates a large surplus labor force, and because of this, the wages remain low. Developed and developing nations of the world are different not only in the percentage of people living in urban areas but also in the way in which urban centers are taking place. Most megacities are developing worldwide, urban sprawl is a universal problem, and a significant number of city inhabitants live in slums within the city or in urban centers in poverty and polluted environments.
These large settlements are frequently highly polluted due to the shortage of urban sanitation services, including drinking water, drainage, garbage pickup, electricity or paved roads. However, urban areas give life for poor people with more employment opportunities and better income to renovate their life compared to rural areas.
Some social welfare societies and environmental welfare and helpers claim that for countries such as India with large land areas, there are too large farmlands and open waste spaces to be concerned about how much land is transformed.
They also strain the main benefit of sprawl, which is the delegation of employment to various places in urban areas. Most of the urban centers affected by air pollution based on car culture enable people to commute shorter distances at any time and home. Urban areas construct their own buildings or residential villa like better houses.
It is not healthy for people to live in areas with increased densities and smaller meter square of space per individual. Therefore, the better suggestion is for those people to live in larger plots with their own green spaces to go away from city centers and work areas. The percentage of open land space used by each dweller has improved in the last 25 years by two or three times.
The level of pollution due to motorcar needs can more easily be connected to population densities. Currently, the peoples use their own vehicles for transportation purposes to avoid common transport facilities, and the percentage of usage has rapidly increased.
All spread out directly to the loss of a significant partial resource that is land. Report Carruthers, J. Growth at the fringe: The influence of political fragmentation in United States metropolitan areas.
Papers in Regional Science 82 , Fragmentation and sprawl: evidence from interregional analysis. Growth and Change 33 , Cieslewicz, David J. The Environmental Impacts of Sprawl. Squires, G.
Daniel, T. When city and country collide: Managing growth in the metropolitan fringe. Washington DC: Island Press, Daniels, T. Duerksen, C. Elliot, D. Dunphy, Robert T. Moving Beyond Gridlock: Traffic and Development.
Dwyer, John F. Landscape and Urban Planning 69 , Ewing, Reid. Is Los Angeles-style sprawl desirable? Journal of the American Planning Association 63 , Fulton, W.
Who sprawls the most? How growth patterns differ Across the U. Available online at:. Galster, G. Wrestling sprawl to the ground: defining and measuring an elusive concept. Housing Policy Debate 12 , Gillham, Oliver. Heimlich, Ralph E. Developing the urban fringe and beyond: impacts on agriculture and rural land. Report Number Hirschhorn, Joel S.
Environment, quality of life, and urban growth in the new economy. Environmental Quality Management 10 , Kahn, Matthew E. The environmental impact of suburbanization. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 19 , Nechyba, T. Urban sprawl. Journal of Economic Perspectives 18 , Knaap, G. New urbanism and smart growth: a few words from the academy. International Regional Science Review 28 , Lang, R. Beyond edge city: office sprawl in south Florida.
Openlands Project. Losing ground: land consumption in the Chicago region, Chicago: Openlands Project,
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