What kind of housing does china have




















Second, affordable housing accounts for only a small portion of the total housing stock, underscoring inadequate government support for middle- and low-income households in urban China. Our research reveals that government-sponsored low-rent housing, as well as heavily subsidized economical and comfortable housing, accounted for only 7 percent and 4 percent of the total housing stock on average in urban areas, respectively figure 1.

In contrast, the two most prevalent types of housing are commercial housing 32 percent and privatized public housing Among the prefecture-levels cities we studied, the median share of the total housing stock that was affordable housing was 5. One-third of the cities had less than 5 percent of affordable housing in the total housing stock, indicating a seriously inadequate supply of affordable housing for low- and middle-income urban households.

The underdeveloped private rental market in China further aggravates this problem. Figure 2 reveals that investment in economical and comfortable housing has barely increased in contrast to the rapid rise of investment in commercial housing during the period between and The completed floor area of economical and comfortable housing as a share of the total decreased between and , contributing to the chronic shortage of affordable housing in large cities.

In addition, the eligibility criteria is either too high or the enforcement is problematic. As a result, figure 3 shows the coverage of affordable housing is overly broad, benefiting more high- and middle-income families than lower-income households, and thus causing accusations of corruption and calls for reform.

Third, local governments in China lack incentives and financial means to provide affordable housing. The fiscal reform of left subnational governments with the obligation to provide nearly 80 percent of total government expenditures, but with direct receipt of only 47 percent of total government revenues Man Such fiscal imbalances, plus many unfunded central government mandates and expenditures related to interjurisdictional competition, have driven many local governments to rely on land leasing fees for revenue to finance infrastructure investment and economic development.

Local governments prefer offering state-owned land to the highest bidder among developers through the auction process to maximize revenue, and they have little incentive to provide land for the construction of affordable housing for low- and middle-income families. In addition, the financing of affordable housing in China depends upon funds from the Housing Provident Fund, but its deposits come from sources such as fees from land transfers that are unstable and inadequate to sustain affordable housing investment.

According to a recent report of the Chinese National Auditing Office CNAO , some cities, including Beijing, Shanghai, Chongqing, and Chengdu, have failed to collect the 10 percent of funds from the net profit of land transfer fees earmarked for low-rent housing construction as required by government regulations. A total of Finally, the current affordable housing system in China is targeted only at urban residents who have city residence permits as part of its household registration system commonly known as the hukou system.

Migrant workers, floating populations, and others without urban residence permits are not covered. You may opt-out by clicking here. More From Forbes. Nov 11, , am EST. Nov 10, , am EST. Nov 9, , pm EST. Nov 9, , am EST. Nov 8, , pm EST. Edit Story. Centralized, state-owned utility companies that provide electricity, water, and gas to people all over China are a thing of the past. Today, each city has its own set of utility providers which compete with each other and offer different payment models.

These companies, however, are still regulated by government bodies to some extent. In any case, you should keep your utility bills in mind when calculating your cost of living. Your landlord or the manager of your property should be able to inform you about the utility provider of the building you live in.

In most cases, however, you will be responsible for your own account. Simply contact the office of your provider and give them your details. They will then transfer the account to your name and may ask you to pay a deposit. However, this only works if you can take over the old account of your landlord or the previous tenant.

If you have to set up a whole new account this might be the case when you move into a newly-constructed apartment building , then you have to visit the office of your provider.

As for the documents required to set up the account — bring in your ID and a copy of your rental contract, proving your address. Make sure to find out if your utility provider can connect you the same day or if you have to wait several days for a connection.

You will receive your electricity bill in the form of a monthly statement. In some cases, you can even use an ATM-type machine there to scan and pay your bill. Some cities also let you pre-pay your bill by inserting Integrated Circuit IC electronic cards directly into the meter. Electricity supply in China, in general, is volts and both two-pin and three-pin sockets are used throughout the country.

Depending on where you live in China, you may get your supply of gas from a bottle or a gas pipe. The latter is mostly available in bigger cities and the process of setting up an account or paying your bill is similar to that of your electricity account.

If your provider asks you to read your meter, you should be aware that the reading will allow them to make an estimate for your monthly or bi-monthly payments. Every few months a representative of your gas company will come around for an official reading, to adjust your bill.

If this option is not available for you, you can get bottled gas for cooking from local delivery companies. Talk to your building manager they might be able to give you the contact details of the delivery company or put you on a delivery list. Every city has a regional water company that supplies all households there. Usually, the water account for your new home should be open when you move in so that you will only have to transfer it to your name.

Some apartment buildings will also use reclaimed water to flush the toilet for instance. Either way, please keep in mind that tap water is usually not suitable for drinking. This is why many people have water dispensers in their home. It is relatively easy to have the bottles for the dispenser delivered. Most rental agreements include central heating in the rent as one of the additional services. At the same time, however, there is a fixed heating period usually from mid-November to mid-March determined by the government.

Unfortunately, winter often begins early or simply lasts longer than expected. This is why it makes sense to have an additional heat source to fall back on. Often the AC units also have a heating setting, so make sure to check it out when visiting the apartment or house. There are various utility companies throughout China.

In terms of water supply, every region has its own supplier. However, when it comes to electricity companies you have a lot of suppliers to choose from. At the end of the day, it comes down to five major providers all of which have independent subsidiaries :. Mobile phone and internet connection are the most expensive, and, for most expats, also the most important items on the list of utilities.

Unicom and Telecom offer extensive services including landline and mobile phones, as well as internet connections.

China Mobile, on the other hand, focuses exclusively on mobile services. All three have different offices throughout the country and, as internet and mobile use have increased in recent years, the service is generally good. Most apartments in China already have a landline installed so all you need to do is call the service provider to activate the account. The same applies to internet connections: most of the newer apartments are equipped with fiber optic cables for fast connections.

When it comes to getting a mobile phone number in China, it makes sense to shop around. Each of the providers mentioned above offers a variety of packages, rates, and special deals. If you want to sign up for a monthly subscription, as opposed to a pay-as-you-go prepaid service, a Chinese friend or co-worker may have to sponsor your account.

Keep in mind that internet usage is restricted by the government and some websites are not accessible. Television is a common pastime in China and if you wish to join in, the most common option is getting cable.

Digital TV, that can be included in your internet package, and satellite is also available. In general, China has an array of local and national TV channels that broadcast in Mandarin or, in some cases, Cantonese as well. The national channels often subtitle their programming, so it can be a good way of practicing listening and reading the language. The channels offer a variety of programs, from Chinese equivalent of The Voice to national news that is shown on all of the channels simultaneously at Watching English television can also be an option.

In that case, you will have to purchase one of the IPTV boxes that are available online and at electronics stores. The living space for an average person in Shanghai is 70 square feet. A typical two-room apartment with a large hallway, a kitchen and bathroom is occupied by five adults and two children.

In some apartments it is not unusual to hear rats scampering around behind the walls. William Ellis of National Geographic magazine visited a Shanghai apartment, where a man, his wife, and his son and daughter-in-law all lived in one room with a bed, six chairs, several stools, two dressers, a TV, and clothes hung from hangers around the room. The apartment was reached through a communal kitchen and a hallway covered with grease from cooking fires.

Most apartments are delivered bare, meaning buyers have to outfit them with basics such as bathroom fixtures. About 70 percent of the new residential projects in China are sold with nothing on the floors or walls. Buyers are required to buy wallpaper, tiles, fittings, paint and flooring to make their concrete boxes livable. The rubbish bins are cleared twice daily by building maintenance, the gardens are manicured and they have health clubs and community rooms.

They also have excellent security facilities, and professional companies manage these. They are entirely cement blocks which have limited insulation.

If they are eight stories or less, they do not have an elevator; if they have more than eight stories, most have an elevator and may have a dedicated elevator attendant who sits in the elevator pushing the buttons. Quite often their lives spill over into the common area — bikes are parked in the hallway, children and grandparents are the VIPs, maintenance pops in and out of your apartment as they wish and old ladies will carefully watch how you are managing your life, often stopping you to make comment on your electricity usage and when you should close your curtains.

Living in these compounds is full immersion into life as most Chinese live it. These prices are relative to which city you are living in, for example, Beijing is clearly more expensive than Wuhan. There are a few critical things to look for when inspecting a non-serviced apartment. The obvious are to check water pressure and whether there is adequate electricity flow to run multiple appliances. The less obvious is the amount of noise around the apartment: Is there a wet market that sets up outside at am every day?

Is the place close to noisy rush hour traffic? Is it next to a school that blares its exercise music at am every day? Next is to check the ventilation in the kitchen. Most vents are shared between apartments. If done poorly, your apartment will end up being at the exhaust end, and you can smell your neighbour frying fish or other strong smelling food every evening. House of the poor in the s. In rural areas, families often live in three-or four-room houses.

Some have only gotten electricity and running water in the last couple of decades. Poor rural families often live in bamboo frame houses or mud-and-straw bricks homes with packed earth floors. Thatch-roof mud-wall houses found in some parts of Sichuan, Hunan and Yunnan provinces look like African huts.

Houses with more than two story are rare. Progress and wealth means a family can move out of their mud and stone hut into a concrete house.

Peasant houses often have dirt floors, and little furniture other than a table, chairs and makeshift beds. A blackened shed serves as a kitchen. Many have color or black and white televisions.

Describing a mud brick home on the edge of the Gobi desert in poor Gansu province, Sheryl Wudunn wrote in the New York Times Magazine: "The shack had two rooms, each dominated by a kang The dirt floor was swept clean and the furniture consisted of three rickety wooden chairs set around a crude wooden table, the mud walls were papered with newspapers, with pictures from old calendars providing a bit of color.

Some lucky people have gotten houses built for them by the government. Half the roof timbers came crashing down with slabs of dirt, narrowly missing him and his mother. Officials in Youfang village built a spacious new concrete house for them, complete with new furniture. His original house was rebuilt for him as a storage shed.

Zhang said. Image Sources: University of Washington except cave homes, Beifan. Page Top. This site contains copyrighted material the use of which has not always been authorized by the copyright owner.

Such material is made available in an effort to advance understanding of country or topic discussed in the article.



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