The most important delegated powers are found in Article I of the Constitution, which focuses primarily on the national legislature the United States Congress. This article lays out in specific detail the powers possessed by Congress — and, critically, the powers Congress does not exercise. Article I, Section 8 is essentially a laundry list of the things that Congress may do. The most prominent items on this list include the "power to lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises, to pay the debts and provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States Section 8 also assigns to Congress wide ranging powers over the military, including but not limited to:.
The explicit mention of these power and others explicitly mentioned in other articles of the Constitution raises the question of whether the national government and Congress can exercise powers not explicitly mentioned. The framers were careful to make some powers explicitly off-limits. These are the powers denied to Congress. The framers composed a separate list of the powers denied to the states.
The powers denied Congress are specified in a short list in Article I, Section 9. The article begins by prohibiting Congress from limiting the slave trade until , one of the key compromises between the northern and southern states. It then proceeds to prohibit things like suspension of the privilege of habeas corpus, the imposition of taxes on exports from any of the states, and granting of titles of nobility.
The Bill of Rights provides an important broad guarantee to the states regarding the limits of the powers of the national government and the essentially unlimited reserve of powers that the states may claim. Amendment 10 — the last of the original ten amendments that constitute the Bill of Rights — states:. This "reserved powers clause" is fundamental to the ability of the states to formulate and adopt their own constitutions and laws within the rubric of the U.
Because the U. Constitution remains the fundamental constraint on the power of the states within the federal system, new constraints on state powers can and have come in the form of additional amendments to the Constitution.
The most fundamental changes were set in motion by the Civil War. Amendments 13, 14, and 15, ratified in the years following the end of hostilities, placed new or reemphasized existing constraints on the states, including the prohibition on slavery, the guarantee of due process of the law for all individuals, and the legal guarantee of voting rights for freed slaves and their descendents. It took the better part of the following century to enforce the 14th and 15th Amendments, an illustration of the ability of the states to use the reserved powers to resist efforts to bring them into compliance with national mandates.
Later amendments prohibited unjust or undemocratic practices in the various states, or expanded the voting franchise to new groups. The 19th Amendment guaranteed women the right to vote throughout the country. The 24th amendment outlawed the poll tax, which tended to disenfranchise blacks and other minorities, as well as poor whites.
The 26th lowered the legal voting age to 18 years. The U. Constitution also outlines general rules for relations between the states and other aspects of the states' relationship to the national government. Article IV of the Constitution is exclusively dedicated to these concerns.
How the U. All other functions of the Council are delegated to officers. Such delegations include the full range of powers to discharge the function, unless the decision of the member body limits these powers. Non-executive powers are delegated by the Council under section of the Local Government Act This means that the decision must be taken by the officer alone, and must not be a joint decision with the member or other officer, or a decision by a member in consultation with the officer.
These are set out in the section Exercise of Delegated Powers, below. Officers must have regard to any advice received;. The Chief Executive will report any such decision to the next meeting of Council;. In paragraph In the absence of both of these officers the Monitoring Officer may issue authorisations. Access Keys: skip navigation go to home page Site map Search Contact us compliments, comments and complaints Disclaimer feedback form Accessibility policy.
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